Eureka: A Prose Poem — Edgar A. Poe, 1848 — reading text

observe them generally or in detail, seem to proceed at least in the ratio of the heterogeneous."* I mentioned, too, that I would recur to the suggestion : — and this is the proper point at which to do so. Looking at the matter, first, in detail, we * Page 36. THE UNIVERSE. 85 perceive that not merely the manifestation of vitality, but its importance, consequence, and elevation of character, keep pace, very closely, with the heterogeneity, or com plexity, of the animal structure. Looking at the question, now, in its generality, and referring to the first movements of the atoms towards mass-constitution, we find that hete- rogeneousness, brought about directly through condensa tion, is proportional with it forever. We thus reach the proposition that the importance of the development of the terrestrial vitality proceeds equably with the terrestrial con densation. Now this is in precise accordance with what we know of the succession of animals on the Earth. As it has pro ceeded in its condensation, superior and still superior races have appeared. Is it impossible that the successive geo logical revolutions which have attended, at least, if not im mediately caused, these successive elevations of vitalic character — is it improbable that these revolutions have themselves been produced by the successive planetary dis charges from the Sun — in other words, by the successive variations in the solar influence on the Earth ? Were this idea tenable, we should not be unwarranted in the fancy that the discharge of yet a new planet, interior to Mer cury, may give rise to yet a new modification of the ter restrial surface — a modification from which may spring a race both materially and spiritually superior to Man. These thoughts impress me with all the force of truth — but I throw them out, of course, merely in their obvious character of suggestion. The Nebular Theory of Laplace has lately received far 86 EUIIEKA. more confirmation than it needed, at the hands of the phi losopher, Compte. These two have thus together shown — not, to be sure, that Matter at any period actually existed as described, in a state of nebular diffusion, but that, ad mitting it so to have existed throughout the space and much beyond the space now occupied by our solar system, and to have commenced a movement towards a centre — it must gradually have assumed the various forms and motions which are now seen, in that system, to obtain. A demon stration such as this — a dynamical and mathematical dem onstration, as far as demonstration can be — unquestionable and unquestioned — unless, indeed, by that unprofitable and disreputable tribe, the professional questioners — the mere madmen who deny the Newtonian law of Gravity on which the results of the French mathematicians are based — a demonstration, I say, such as this, would to most intel lects be conclusive — and I confess that it is so to mine — of the validity of the nebular hypothesis upon which the de monstration depends. That the demonstration does not prove the hypothesis, according to the common understanding of the word " proof," I admit, of course. To show that certain existing results — that certain established facts — may be, even mathe matically, accounted for by the assumption of a certain hy pothesis, is by no means to establish the hypothesis itself. In other words : — to show that, certain data being given, a certain existing result might, or even must, have ensued^ will fail to prove that this result did ensue, from the data, until such time as it shall be also shown that there are, and can be, no other data from which the result in question THE UNIVERSE. 87 might equally have ensued. But, in the case now dis cussed, although all must admit the deficiency of what we are in the habit of terming " proof," still there are many intellects, and those of the loftiest order, to which no proof could bring one iota of additional conviction. Without going into details which might impinge upon the Cloud- Land of Metaphysics, I may as well here observe that the force of conviction, in cases such as this, will always, with the right-thinking, be proportional to the amount of complexity intervening between the hypothesis and the result. To be less abstract : — The greatness of the complexity found ex isting among cosmical conditions, by rendering great in the same proportion the difficulty of accounting for all these conditions at once, strengthens, also in the same pro portion, our faith in that hypothesis which does, in such manner, satisfactorily account for them : — and as no com plexity can well be conceived greater than that of the as tronomical conditions, so no conviction can be stronger — to my mind at least — than that with which I am impressed by an hypothesis that not only reconciles these conditions, with mathematical accuracy, and reduces them into a con sistent and intelligible whole, but is, at the same time, the sole hypothesis by means of which the human intellect has been ever enabled to account for them at all. A most unfounded opinion has become latterly current in gossiping and even in scientific circles — the opinion that . the so-called Nebular Cosmogony has been overthrown. This fancy has arisen from the report of late observations made, among what hitherto have been termed the " nebulae," through the large telescope of Cincinnati, and the world- 88 'EUREKA. renowned instrument of Lord Rosse. Certain spots in the firmament which presented, even to the most powerful of the old telescopes, the appearance of nebulosity, or haze, had been regarded for a long time as confirming the theory of Laplace. They were looked upon as stars in that very process of condensation which I have been attempting to describe. Thus it was supposed that we " had ocular evi dence " — an evidence, by the way, which has always been found very questionable — of the truth of the hypothesis ; and, although certain telescopic improvements, every now and then, enabled us to perceive that a spot, here and there, which we had been classing among the nebulae, was, in fact, but a cluster of stars deriving its nebular character only from its immensity of distance — still it was thought that no doubt could exist as to the actual nebulosity of numerous other masses, the strong-holds of the nebulists, bidding de fiance to every effort at segregation. Of these latter the most interesting was the great " nebulas " in the constella tion Orion : — but this, with innumerable other miscalled " nebulae/' when viewed through the magnificent modern telescopes, has become resolved into a simple collection of stars. Now this fact has been very generally understood as conclusive against the Nebular Hypothesis of Laplace ; and, on announcement of the discoveries in question, the most enthusiastic defender and most eloquent popularizer of the theory, Dr. Nichol, went so far as to " admit the neces sity of abandoning " an idea which had formed the material of his most praiseworthy book.* * " Views of the Architecture of the Heavens." A letter, purporting to be from Dr. Nichol to a friend in America, went the rounds of our newspapers, THE UNIVERSE. 89 Many of my readers will no doubt be inclined to say that the result of these new investigations has at least a strong tendency to overthrow the hypothesis ; while some of them, more thoughtful, will suggest that, although the theory is by no means disproved through the segregation of the particular " nebulaB " alluded to, still a failure to segre gate them, with such telescopes, might well have been un derstood as a triumphant corroboration of the theory : — and this latter class will be surprised, perhaps, to hear me say that even with them I disagree. If the propositions of this Discourse have been comprehended, it will be seen that, in my view, a failure to segregate the " nebula? " would have tended to the refutation, rather than to the confirmation, of the Nebular Hypothesis. Let me explain : — The Newtonian Law of Gravity we may, of course, assume as demonstrated. This law, it will be remembered, I have referred to the reaction of the first Divine Act — to the reaction of an exercise of the Divine Volition temporarily overcoming a difficulty. This diffi culty is that of forcing the normal into the abnormal — of impelling that whose originality, and therefore whose right ful condition, was One, to take upon itself the wrongful con dition of Many. It is only by conceiving this difficulty as temporarily overcome, that we can comprehend a reaction. about two years ago, I think, admitting " the necessity" to which I refer. In a subsequent Lecture, however, Dr. N. appears in some manner to have gotten the better of the necessity, and does not quite renounce the theory, although he seems to wish that he could sneer at it as " a purely hypothetical one." What else was the Law of Gravity before the Maskelyne experiments 1 and who questioned the Law of Gravity, even then 1 90 EUREKA. There could have been no reaction had the act been infinitely continued. So long as the act lasted, no reaction, of course, could commence ; in other words, no gravitation could take place — for we have considered the one as but the manifestation of the other. But gravitation has taken place ; therefore the act of Creation has ceased : and gravi tation has long ago taken place ; therefore the act of Crea tion has long ago ceased. We can no more expect, then, to observe the primary processes of Creation ; and to these primary processes the condition of nebulosity has already been explained to belong. Through what we know of the propagation of light, we have direct proof that the more remote of the stars have existed, under. the forms in which we now see them, for an inconceivable number of years. So far back at least, then, as the period when these stars underwent condensation, must have been the epoch at which the mass-constitutive processes began. That we may conceive these processes, then, as still going on in the case of certain " nebulae," while in all other cases we find them thoroughly at an end, we are forced into assumptions for which we have really no basis whatever — we have to thrust in, again, upon the re volting Reason, the